A third innovation, in addition to incorporating external variables and examining their interplay with domestic variables, is to integrate de‐territorialization into comparative designs. More specifically, the more positive the coverage, the stronger the effect of conflict framing. [6][11] There are numerous reasons that comparative research has come to take a place of honour in the toolbox of the social scientist. … In these instances, it makes sense to rely on multilevel modeling, though alternative strategies can also be considered when the number of higher level units is limited (e.g., clustered standard errors). Comparative Research Method. On the one hand, this can be interpreted as a sign of communication science maturing as a research discipline. In this study and in similar studies, the analyses are descriptive in nature, and as such, they involve comparisons regarding the presence of issue framing and game framing in various newspapers. Key characteristics that allow for a theoretically meaningful differentiation between systems or cultures serve as dimensions to construct a classification scheme. A major problem in comparative research is that the data sets in different countries may define categories differently (for example by using different definitions of poverty) or may not use the same categories. 397–398). More specifically, we introduce those possibilities and challenges that are particular to comparative research by drawing on the available literature from communication science and borrowing from, for example, political science literature. isegoria and parrhesia), as part of Greek politics, is associated with the effort of the first historians to reflect on home institutions through researching those of others.[10]. In large‐N studies, scholars no longer use theoretically justified purposive samples but larger‐sized samples. Moutsios, S. (2018) Society and Education: An Outline of Comparison. Those interested in more advanced techniques for testing and for optimizing equivalence, such as congruence coefficient analysis, multigroup confirmatory factor analysis or latent class analysis, may refer to the work of Wirth and Kolb (2012). John N. Hawkins and Val D. Rust (2001) “Shifting Perspectives on Comparative Research: A View from the USA,” Comparative Education 37, no. Consequently, they call for “harmonization of the research object and the research method” across studies to guarantee the best possible comparability and generalizability. SEE ALSO: Qualitative comparative analysis and related techniques, Understanding the global journalist: A hierarchy‐of‐influences approach, Global journalism research: Theories, methods, findings, future, Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related systematic comparative methods. However, very often, the overarching question of the study is (implicitly or explicitly) framed in an explanatory way: in terms of how one can account for differences and similarities across cases? One such challenge is the rigid application of comparative logics, which is in line with work on most similar and most different systems designs as found in political science. They hypothesize that due to the similarities between political and media system characteristics and their selection of cases based on a most similar system design, differences between Belgium and Sweden will be minimal. This sub‐approach is interested in how transnational media products are domesticated and how local settings influence differently the reception and interpretation of transnational products. Comparative Research Methods; Cosmopolitan communications: Cultural diversity in a globalized world, Doing research in political science. Thus, the goal of the analysis is “to identify patterns of difference in how hierarchically related localities respond to the same system‐level dynamics and perpetuate systemic inequality” (p. 376), for example, between more and less powerful components. This is one reason why some scholars prefer most similar system designs to most different system designs, because construct equivalence can be assumed more quickly in similar systems. But even within the same comparative study, achieving comparability across data gathered in various countries can be challenging. Schuck et al. The comparison of contexts serves as a robustness check to determine whether a relationship holds in various situations. We distinguish equivalence at the level of constructs, measurements, samples, and administration. For example, Vliegenthart et al. An etic approach is preferable for those studies where scholars wish to apply rigorous tests against possible construct bias. Research Methods Vs. Research Design Types of Research Methods George J. Mouly has classified research method into three basic types: Descriptive or Survey Method Historical Method, and Experimental Method An important motivation for such procedures is cultural decentering, meaning the removal of culture‐specific words, phrases, and concepts that are difficult to translate from the original version of the instrument. Emic Approach to Qualitative Research; These new spaces are de‐territorialized, that is, they are no longer confined to territorial borders and have been variously called translocal mediascapes (Appadurai, 1996), “emerging transnational mediated spheres” (Hellman & Riegert, 2012), “new forms of public connectivity” (Voltmer, 2012) or, more briefly, “media cultures” (Couldry & Hepp, 2012). Theories, cases, and challenges, Competing models of journalism? The contextual units of analysis (countries, cultures, etc.) Analyzing Pathways of Nurturing Informal Seed Production into Formal Private Ventures for Sustainable Seed Delivery and Crop Productivity: Experiences from Ethiopia. To do so, scholars have two options. His books include Comparing Political Communication (2004, with B. Pfetsch), Handbook of Comparative Communication Research (2012, with T. Hanitzsch), and Comparing Political Journalism (2016, with de Vreese and Hopmann). The communication field is likely to see more comparative survey research in the future, partly due to the growing data availability on media use from projects such as the World Internet Project. Second, in addition to incorporating the linking mechanisms between individual cases and transnational structures, comparativists must study the interplay between external (border‐transgressing) and internal (domestic) factors, as it will help them understand how media systems respond to transnational influences. Comparative analysis is about control (Sartori, 1994). It is further noted that spatial (cross‐territorial) comparisons should be supplemented wherever possible by a longitudinal (cross‐temporal) dimension to account for the fact that systems and cultures are not frozen in time; rather, they are constantly changing under the influence of transformation processes, such as Americanization, Europeanization, globalization, modernization, or commercialization. For case studies to contribute to cumulative development of knowledge and theory they must all explore the same phenomenon, pursue the same research goal, adopt equivalent research strategies, ask the same set of standardized questions, and select the same theoretical focus and the same set of variables. Those tests include differential item functioning techniques and confirmatory factor analysis (Vliegenthart, 2012; Wirth & Kolb, 2012). EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. However, as these processes still occur within national contexts, these national pathways can still be subjected to comparative analysis. The ability to make predictions provides a basis for drawing lessons across countries and contributes to finding solutions to problems prevalent in many countries. An example is Hallin and Mancini (2004), who first clarified the concepts mass press, political parallelism, professionalization, and state intervention and then used these concepts as dimensions to classify media systems into three prototypical models: polarized pluralist, democratic corporatist, and liberal. Methodologically, an emic (culture‐specific) or etic (universal) approach may be applied. Regression Analysis, Linear; With the medical students gathered around, the physicians conducting the autopsy observed that the patient's lungs were speckled with large dark masses of cells that had caused extensi… CC BY is the correct license for this work. Similarly, questioning of the Greek laws and institutions and its related values and practices (e.g. The challenge to establishing a causal link lies in the question of how to deal with all the other known and unknown variables that also differentiate these media systems (for example, market size) and may have plausible effects on the outcome variable (that is market pluralism). Esser and Hanitzsch (2012b), in their Handbook of Comparative Communication Research, introduce several suitable frameworks, such as the political communication system, media system, media market, media audience, media culture, journalism culture, election communication system, and news‐making system, among others. Confirmed hypotheses are extremely valuable, as they offer the opportunity for prediction. However, there are other types that also deal with many aspects of data including data collection, prediction, and planning. 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